Which factor significantly increases a patient's risk for confusion upon waking from general anesthesia?

Advanced age is recognized as a significant factor that increases the risk for confusion upon waking from general anesthesia. The physiological changes that occur with aging can affect the central nervous system and lead to a higher likelihood of delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Older adults may have reduced brain reserve and altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, making them more sensitive to the effects of anesthetic agents.

Additionally, age-related factors such as the presence of comorbidities, polypharmacy, and decreased functional reserve can further contribute to postoperative confusion. This makes it crucial for healthcare providers to be aware of these risks when caring for older patients in the PACU, to monitor their cognitive status closely after anesthesia and to implement strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of confusion.